Dr Valeria Taurino from SOS Mediterranee explains the organisation’s mission, which is to rescue human lives at sea, protect shipwreck survivors, and document events. She focuses on operations in the Central Mediterranean, one of the world’s most dangerous migratory routes. She highlights the challenges associated with the European Union’s border externalisation policies and the need to coordinate maritime rescues. She also analyses the issues related to the Libyan Coast Guard and the trend towards the criminalization of NGOs involved in maritime rescue operations. Professor De Vittor thoroughly examines the role of coordination centres for maritime rescues, highlighting the shortcomings of the Libyan centre and the importance of international cooperation to ensure effective interventions. Using practical cases, such as the 2013 tragedy known as the ‘massacre of children,’ Prof. De Vittor demonstrates the significance of efficient coordination and legal accountability in accordance with international norms. She also discusses jurisprudential cases involving private entities in maritime rescues, highlighting the importance of avoiding coordination with Libyan authorities and upholding international law and human rights principles. Finally, Prof. De Vittor comments on the sanctions imposed on NGO vessels, citing a recent ruling by the Brindisi Tribunal.